Fig. 2

a–c Manhattan plots of the phenotype–genotype association analysis for 13 root and shoot biomass traits of B. napus by MLM with BLUE values. The x-axis displays the chromosome label, and the y-axis displays −log10 (p-value). The solid gray line shows significant associations between SNPs and phenotype value with a threshold level of the p-value (−log10 1/20, 131 = 4.30 × 10−5). The colour dots above the threshold values indicate the significant SNPs for root and shoot biomass traits. d–f QQ plots represent MLM analysis of the investigated traits