Fig. 3

The enzymatic cascade reaction for FDCA biosynthesis in the present study. A Schematic representation of the proposed enzymatic cascade reaction for FDCA synthesis from HMF using BpLac and CglAlcOx. B Analysis of the FDCA synthesis catalyzed by BpLac and CglAlcOx using HMF as the substrate. BpLac was initially added to the reactions at 0 h. CglAlcOx was added into the reactions at 24 h when the HMF was completely transformed into HMFCA by BpLac. C ¹H-NMR spectra for initial HMF in the reaction mixture. D ¹H-NMR spectra for the complete formation of HMFCA from HMF catalyzed by BpLac. E ¹H-NMR spectra for identification of the final product FDCA in the enzymatic cascade. means the reaction could proceed successfully