Fig. 4

Aldehyde production by Corynebacterium glutamicum FKFC14 harboring aromatic carboxylic acid reductase (ACAR) genes. Bars represent the amount of vanillin produced from vanillic acid (a), protocatechuic aldehyde from protocatechuic acid (b), and isovanillin from isovanillic acid (c) after 21 h of incubation at 30 °C with shaking. Data are shown as mean ± standard error (SE). Control; pVK9-Ptuf-entD pVS7-vanK/FKFC14. The ratio of the amount produced was calculated by dividing the concentrations of protocatechuic aldehyde and isovanillin by that of vanillin (d)