Table 2 The applications of artificial more species coculture systems as biosynthetic platforms

Caffeic acid

S. cerevisiae–S. cerevisiae–S. cerevisiae

Carboxymethyl-cellulose/ glucose, p-Coumaric acid

8.33 mg/L

Adjusting environmental parameters

16.91 mg/L

[143]

Lipopeptide

C. glutamicum–B. amyloliquefaciens–P. pastoris

Kitchen waste/ L-proline, amylase

 ~ 29.77 mg/L*

Dividing metabolic pathways

74.13 mg/L

[147]

H₂

Enterococcus–Enterococcus–Enterococcus

Wheat-straw xylan

—

Dividing metabolic pathways

79.54 mL/g wheat-straw xylan

[148]

Lipid

R. opacus–R. jostii–R. jostii

Lignin, glucose/ acetyl-CoA, β-ketoadipyl-CoA

—

Reducing competition between species members

0.08 g/g cell dry weight

[149]

Lipopeptides

B. amyloliquefaciens–C. glutamicum–C. glutamicum–P. pastoris

Kitchen waste, glucose/ proline, serline, amylase

 ~ 193.47 mg/L*

Dividing metabolic pathways and enhancing the transport of essential metabolites

269.17 mg/L

[150]

Butyl Butyrate

C. acetobutylicum–C. tyrobutyricum-E. coli–T. asperellum

Microcrystalline cellulose/ lipase, acetate, butyrate, butanol

13.52 g/L with glucose

Dividing metabolic pathways

2.94 g/L without glucose

[151]

Butyric acid

T. reesei–L. pentosus–C. tyrobutyricum–L. brevis

Cellulose, xylose/ acetate, lactate, butyrate, O₂

9.5 g/L

Membrane separation

10.2 g/L

[103]

Electricity

S. elongatus-E. coli–S. oneidensis–G. sulfurreducens

CO₂/ sucrose, lactate, acetate

 ~ 0.6 W·m⁻²

Dividing metabolic pathways and adjusting environmental parameters

1.7 W·m⁻²

[152]

Iturin A

B. amyloliquefaciens–B. subtilis–B. subtilis

Food waste/ amylase, lipase, glucose, fatty acid chain

7.66 mg/L

Dividing metabolic pathways

8.12 mg/L

[153]