Optimizing Phaeodactylum tricornutum cultivation: integrated strategies for enhancing biomass, lipid, and fucoxanthin production

Table 4 Comparison of biodiesel properties from P. tricornutum oil cultivated under control and optimized conditions

Property	Control	Optimized	Preferred range	EN 14214	ASTM D6751
Average degree of unsaturation (ADU)	1.03	0.55	Lower is better	NA	NA
Kinematic viscosity (KV) mm²/s	4.56	4.86	1.9–6.0 mm²/s	3.5–5.0	1.9–6.0
Cetane number (CN)	56.04	59.18	Min. 47	≥ 51	≥ 47
Iodine value (IV) (g I₂.100 g⁻¹ OIL)	88.99	53.96	Max. 120	≤ 120	NA
Cloud point (Cp) (°C)	6.29	12.59	Lower is better	NA	NA
Density (kg L⁻¹)	0.88	0.88	0.86–0.90 g/cm³	NA	0.86–0.9
Higher heating value (HHV) (Mj kg⁻¹)	40.34	39.51	Higher is better	NA	NA

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