Fig. 4

Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity and mechanism of the antimicrobial peptide PS–Kiadin–HH. A Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of PS–Kiadin–HH (Biosynthesis), PS–Kiadin–HH (Chemical synthesis) and DAMP4 against E. coli K88. B MIC values of PS–Kiadin–HH (Biosynthesis) against P. aeruginosa ATCC27853, A. baumannii ATCC19606, B. cereus and S. aureus Mu50. C Determination of the post-antibiotic effect (PAE) of PS–Kiadin–HH against E. coli K88. D TEM micrographs of E. coli K88 and S. aureus Mu50 after treatment with PBS and PS–Kiadin–HH, respectively. E Determination of the permeability of PS–Kiadin–HH to the outer membrane of E. coli K88 using NPN and to the integral membranes of E. coli K88 & S. aureus Mu50 using the PI test. F Ability of PS–Kiadin–HH to inhibit the formation of biofilms by E. coli K88 and S. aureus Mu50 at MIC value concentrations