Fig. 9

Cellulose ultrastructure evaluation before and after enzymatic hydrolysis with or without Ultraflo® supplementation. A The distance between cellulose fibril centres in the different steam-pretreated materials before (light grey bars) and after (dark grey bars) enzymatic hydrolysis with Celluclast® 1.5 L, Novozym® 188, and Ultraflo® was assessed using SAXS. Values are presented as average with standard deviation of three measurements, and were obtained from the Gaussian fits extracted from Kratky plots. B Adsorbed Congo red in the different steam-pretreated materials after enzymatic hydrolysis with (dark grey bars) or without (light grey bars) Ultraflo®. Values are presented as average of duplicates and the average of the absolute deviations from the mean