Table 3 B. subtilis spore-based vaccine technology for various pathogens

Viruses

SARS-CoV-2

Receptor binding domain (RBD)

CotZ/CotY

Preclinical to early clinical stages

Prevention of respiratory and gastrointestinal viral infections

[88]

RBD of (Wuhan-Hu-1 2019-nCov and Omicron B.1.1.529 variants) and the HR1-HR2 domain (Wuhan-Hu-1 2019-nCov) of the Spike protein

CotB/CotC

[89]

Influenza

Influenza virus M2 protein (M2e)

CotB

[90]

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS)

PRRSV GP5 protein

CotB

[91]

Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV)

TGEV spike protein

CotG

[92]

Rabies virus (RABV)

Rabies virus G protein

CotG-E

[93]

Duck hepatitis A virus type 1 (DHAV-1)

DHAV-1 capsid protein VP1

CotB

[94]

White Spot Syndrome Virus

VP28 protein

CotB-CotC

[95]

Feline coronavirus (FCoV)

HR2-derived peptide (HR2P) from a serotype II feline enteric CoV (FECV)

CotB

[96]

Enterovirus 71 (EV71)

EV71

CotB

[97]

Grass Carp Reovirus (GCRV)

antigen Vp7 GCRV

CotB/CotC

[98]

Nervous necrosis virus (NNV)

Major capsid protein (MCP) of RGNNV

CotC

[99]

Bacteria

Bacillus anthracis

Secreted protective antigen (PA)

CotB

Demonstrated efficacy in animal models

Immunity against anthrax

[100]

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Immunodominant secretory antigen, MPT64

CotB

[101]

Clostridium difficile

Flagellin protein, FliD

CotB

[102]

C-terminal domains of toxin A (A26-39; codons for Ser₂₃₈₈ to Pro₂₇₀₆) or toxin B (B15-24; codons for Glu₂₁₃₇ to Glu₂₃₆₆

CotB/CotG

[103]

Clostridium tetani

C-term fragment of the tetanus toxin, TTFC

CotB

[9]

Clostridium perfringens

C-term of alpha toxin gene, Cpa247-370 fused to the GST gene

CotB

[104]

Helicobacter acinonychis

Urease subunit alpha, UreA

CotG/CotZ

[105]

Helicobacter pylori

Vacuolating cytotoxin A, CagA

CgeA

[106]

Salmonella serovar Pullorum

OmpC

CotG

[107]

Vibrio vulnificus

Vibrio antigenic protein, OmpK

CotY

[108]

Mannheimia haemolytica

M. haemolytica chimeric proteins MhCP1 and MhCP2

Non-recombinant approach

[109]

Parasites

Haemonchus contortus

H. contortus glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (HcGAPDH)

CotB

Prevention of parasitic infections

[110]

Clonorchis sinensis

C. sinensis tegumental protein (CsTP22.3)

CotG

[111]

C. sinensis serpin (CsSerpin)

CotC

[112]

C. sinensis enolase (Csenolase)

CotC

[113]

Paramyosin of C. sinensis (CsPmy)

CotC

[114]

Schistosoma japonicum

Glutathione S-transferase (GST) protein

CotC

[115]

Plasmodium spp.

P. falciparum CSP (rPfCSP)

Non-recombinant

[116]