Fig. 8

Analysis of physical pretreatments using routine ssNMR. a MultiCP spectra of bamboo showing the effects of ball-milling (top) and ball-milling with additional enzymatic hydrolysis. Panel adapted with permission of ref [104]. b Wheat straw pretreatment with ball milling and aqueous hydroxide solutions. Panels adapted with permission of ref [103]. c NMR spectra of cellulose showing chain-end signals and crystallite formation after treatment. The insert demonstrates the quantification of cellulose chain-end signals through spectral deconvolution. Panels adapted with permission of ref [105]. d Pretreatments induce distinct changes in the lignin aromatic region, reflecting structural modifications. Panel adapted with permission of ref [12]