Characterization of microalgal β-carotene and astaxanthin: exploring their health-promoting properties under the effect of salinity and light intensity

Table 2 Microalgal carotenoid production under different stress conditions

Microalgal species	Stress condition	Carotenoid produced	Amount of productivity	References
Dunaliella salina	Light intensity: 100–200 μmol photons/m²/s	β-Carotene	31.5% increase	[63]
Dunaliella salina	Salinity: 1–3 M NaCl	β-Carotene	2–4 times increase	[65]
Dunaliella bardawil	Light intensity: 250 μE/m²/s, salinity	β-Carotene	8–14% of dry weight	[66]
Haematococcus lacustris	Light intensity: 150 μmol photons/m²/s	Astaxanthin	18.1 mg/L/day	[67]
Haematococcus pluvialis	High light intensity	Astaxanthin	9.5 μg/mL	[68]
	Salinity: 0.17 M NaCl for 10 days	Astaxanthin	17.7 mg/g	[69]
	Salinity: 1 M NaCl, Light: 800 μmol/m²/s	Astaxanthin	> 5 times higher than control	[65]
Scendesmus obliquus	Salinity: 0–50 mM NaCl	Astaxanthin	Up to 18% of dry weight	[70]
Chlorococcum	Light intensity: 90 μmol/m²/s	Astaxanthin	Higher content than no light	[71]
Chlorococcum	Salinity: 0.5–1.0 M NaCl	Astaxanthin	0.9–1.8% of dry weight	[71]
Chromochloris zofingiensis	Salinity, high light	Astaxanthin	7.53-Fold increase compared to control	[72]
Chlorella zofingiensis	Strong light, salt stress	β-Carotene, zeaxanthin	7.18, 7.00 mg/g DW	[14]
Chlorella sorokiniana	Salinity: 20% NaCl (w/v), linoleic acid	Astaxanthin	1.25-Fold increase	[73]
Scenedesmus sp.	High light intensity and NaCl	Astaxanthin	0.59 mg/g	[74]

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